Causes of Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Please do not use in the place of a veterinarian's diagnosis

Dog saliva or drool is often clear or watery in color, but can be white, depending on the individual dog.  Dogs drool excessively for three main reasons – they are from a breed prone to drooling; they are anticipating food or they are sick.  If you see your dog drooling and he is not staring at food or from a drool-prone breed, then your dog may be sick.  Check the dog immediately for other signs of illness, such as loss of appetite, fever or vomiting.

Dog Breeds Prone to Drool

Dog breeds prone to drool excessively or slobber are usually large breeds with wrinkles around the faces.  They drool constantly in order to help them catch and hold onto a scent.  These dogs cannot stop drooling.  They will even drool in their sleep.  Owners learn to carry around a rag used to wipe off the mouths. 

The bloodhound is a notorious drooler.  Although now a rare breed, bloodhounds can wind up in animal rescues because their owners did not realize how much their new dogs would drool. 

Other drooling dog breeds include the St. Bernard, the Dogue de Bourdeaux, the Great Pyrenees, the Great Dane, the bullmastiff, the English mastiff, the Neapolitan mastiff, the Newfoundland and the Kuvasz.  Other breeds that drool a lot depending on the individual include the Bassett hound, the boxer, the bulldog and the French bulldog.

Bloat

Excessive drooling is a common symptom of bloat or gastric dilation – a potentially lethal digestive disorder similar to colic in horses.  Dogs prone to bloat have wide chests and narrow waists, including boxers, Great Danes, German shepherds, Dobermans, Rottweilers, Akitas, Irish setters, Standard poodles and golden retrievers.

Other symptoms include retching without bringing up any food, restlessness, panting, whining, pacing, low grade fever, loss of appetite and abdominal pain.  Symptoms begin within one hour of eating.  The dog must immediately be taken to a vet or she could die in as little as 6 hours.

Nausea

Excessive drooling or slobbering is a common symptom of nausea.  My dog, Pony, licks her lips after she starts drooling and right before she throws up or begins to dry heave.  Pony suffers from bilious vomiting syndrome.  But once she starts licking her lips, she is immediately taken outside to vomit or expel bile.

Dogs become nauseated for a variety of reasons, from common motion sickness to poisoning.  Common poisons for dogs include chocolate, over the counter human medications, car lubricants and pesticides.  Call a vet if the drooling is accompanied by other symptoms such as diarrhea, coordination problems or constant vomiting. 

Has the dog recently started a new medication?  Excessive drooling can be a side effect.  Call the vet to be sure that the dosage does not need to be reduced or that our dog is not suffering from an overdose.

Other Causes

The stereotypical scene of a rabid dog is the wild-eyed, slobber-plastered St. Bernard in the horror movie Cujo (1983).  But not all dogs that are covered in white or clear slobber along their necks and chests have rabies.

Dogs with mouth sores or periodontal disease will drool as a means to cope with the pain.  Has the dog recently been in a scrap with another animal?  Dogs use their mouths to protect themselves.  This means the mouths will bear the brunt of attacks from another.  The dog needs his mouth checked by a vet in order to help clear up these problems.

Cysts or tumors of the salivary glands can also cause excessive drooling or slobbering in dogs.  Contents of cysts may leak into the dog’s mouth and then drip out of the mouth.  Cysts need to be drained and in some instances need to be surgically removed.

References

ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs.  Sheldon L. Gerstenfeld, VMD.  Chronicle Books; 1999.

The Howell Book of Dogs.  Liz Palika.  Howell Book House; 2007.

Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM. Howell Book House; 2007.

Dog Breed Info Center. “Dogs that Drooland Slobber.”  

Author’s personal experience.

Image of Polish Tatra Sheepdog from Wikimedia Commons

American Bulldogs: Common Health Problems

American bulldogs are not as prone to health problems as English bulldogs because American bulldogs have longer muzzles and legs. However, American bulldogs are prone to health conditions such as hip dysplasia, atopy and demodex mange, notes Sheldon L. Gerstenfeld, VMD, author of ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (Chronicle Books; 1999.)

Dogchannel.com notes that many American Bulldogs have sensitive skin, but washing with a gentle baby shampoo can help keep the skin from getting itchy. Some dogs will have different colored eyes, but this usually does not denote poor health such as deafness or vision problems.

Hip Dysplasia

Any large, solidly built dog breeds with large appetites are prone to hip dysplasia, not just the American bulldog. The ball of the femur does not fit in properly to the hip socket, causing pain, lameness and sometimes deformity. This is a genetic condition, so any dogs diagnosed with hip dysplasia should not be bred.

Although there is still a lot unknown about hip dysplasia, it seems diet plays a big role in whether an American bulldog develops it or not. American bulldogs normally have voracious appetites. This can lead to obesity and filling up on the canine equivalent of junk food instead of nutritious food. Some breeders and owners swear by a raw diet, but many vets frown on raw diets. A dog needs a high quality protein and a low fat diet to help maintain weight and stay healthy.

Atopy

Atopy is the short name for atopic dermatitis or allergic inhalant dermatitis. This is a genetic skin condition seen in a wide variety of breeds and not just the American bulldog. Dogs with atopy are super-allergic to some material such as feathers, house dust, ragweed or pollen. Symptoms include intensely itchy skin, hair loss due to scratching, swellings and sneezing. Dogs, no matter what breed, usually develop atopy before they are three years old.

This is a frustrating but treatable condition, as long as the allergen can be identified. Treatment includes removing the allergen (if possible), allergy shots, oral allergy tablets such as antihistamines to reduce swelling and possibly antibiotics if the dog has scratched or licked the skin open. Affected dogs may need topical creams to stop itching and an Elizabethan collar to stop scratching. Use the gentlest shampoos recommended by a vet.

Demodex Mange

Also called demodectic mange or red mange, this is a type of mange caused by the Demodex family of mites. Unlike sarcoptic mange, demodex mange is not contagious. Demodex mites live inside of individual hair follicles. Adult dogs tend to have immunity to demodex mites, so over half of canines with demodex mange are puppies. But if an adult American bulldog has a chronic health problem, this could lower the dog’s natural resistance to the mites.

Most cases can be managed through anti-parasite medications like Ivermectin; medicated dips and diet changes. The younger the dog, the higher the chances are for a complete recovery. If a dog or puppy does get a relapse, it occurs within 6 to 12 months of the first infection, notes Mar Vista Animal Medical Center.

Additional References

• Dog Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook, Fourth Edition. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM, et al. Howell Book House; 2007.
• American Bulldog Rescue 
• American Bulldog Association

Image by Priestess1134 from Wikimedia Commons

Irish Red and White Setter: The Original Irish Setter

The Irish setter is one of the most familiar breeds of dog in both American and Europe.  But not many people have heard about the Irish red and white setter, considered the ancestor breed of the Irish setter.  Even today, some all-red Irish setters produce puppies with some white patches.  The popularity of the all-red Irish setter nearly wiped out the Irish red and white setter.  Today, they are rare, even in Ireland. 

Brief History

Like the Irish setter, the Irish red and white setter was bred to be a highly trainable, enthusiastic hunting companion.  It is unknown how old the breed is, but the breed is at least as old as the late 1700s.  But by 1850, fashion dictated that all-red dogs were preferred over red and white coats.  Although the Irish red and white setter was celebrated on an Irish postage stamp in the early 1900s, the breed was in a steep decline.

Both breeds were called the Irish setter and even showed in the same classes.  But by the end of World War II, Irish dog breeders decided to separate the two breeds.  Although some dogs had been imported to the United States in the 1800s, the breed disappeared until more dogs were imported in the 1960s.  By 1997, there was enough interest in the rare breed to start the Irish Red and White Setter Association.

Comparison to the Irish Setter

The two Irish setter breeds differ in more than just color.  Irish red and white setters average 22 to 26 inches tall, slightly smaller than the Irish setter, especially those in America, where taller togs are preferred in the show ring.  Irish setters average 24 to 27 inches tall.  While Irish setters weigh in at 60 to 70 pounds, Irish red and white setters can be as light as 40 pounds but some males can weigh 70 pounds.  Like with the Irish setter, males are generally taller and heavier than females.

Irish setters have long, floppy ears that practically hug the sides of the head.  In contrast, the Irish red and white setter’s ears are set higher and stick out further from the head.  The ears also are usually shorter, too.  The Irish red and white setter is less prone to ear infections because their ears get better air circulation.

Temperament

There are many books, vets and dog owners that will assert that Irish red and white setters are not as scatterbrained as Irish setters.  However, temperament varies widely in individual dogs due to their health and training, so this generalization should be taken with a large grain of salt.

These dogs need plenty of exercise in order to be trainable and to prevent health disorders such as hip dysplasia.  Because they were bred to hunt, these dogs may chase or harass smaller pets but tend to get along with other dogs.  Irish red and white setters do well in canine sports such as agility or flyball and have even been trained to be search and rescue dogs.

References

• The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Dogs, Dog Breeds & Dog Care.  Dr. Peter Larkin & Mike Stockman.  Hermes House; 2005.
•  The Howell Book of Dogs.  Liz Palika.  Howell Book House; 2007.
•  Dummies.com. “Irish Red and White Setter: A Dog forOutdoors.” 
•  Irish Red and White Setter Association 

Image by Pleple2000 from Wikimedia Commons

Wheaten Terrier Dog Breed Temperament

The soft-coated Wheaten Terrier, often called “wheatens” or “wheaties” for short, has both an unusual coat color and an unusual temperament for terriers. Unlike many other terrier breeds, Wheatens are often far more quiet and less prone to yapping at the drop of a hat. When Wheatens vocalize, it’s usually for a good reason. This trait makes Wheatens good watchdogs.

Wheatens have successfully been trained as therapy dogs, particularly for visiting patients in hospitals. Wheatens are intelligent, people-loving animals that can get easily bored and become quite mischievous.

Needs Exercise

Wheatens were bred in Ireland in the 1700s as an all-around farm dog. A Wheaten cleared the barns of rodents, checked the fields with his master and then sat under his master’s chair at the local pub. Wheatens had to deal with people, cats, large animals, loud noises, strange smells and large families but they were also bred to be on the move most of the day.

Today’s Wheatens retain their level-headedness provided they get at least one 30 minute walk per day and plenty of chances to romp in enclosed space. If Wheatens are denied chances at regular exercise, they can get hyper and develop bad habits out of boredom. Wheatens also should never be strictly outdoor watchdogs. They are far more trainable and level-headed when allowed to interact with their family or individual owner.

What About Children?

Wheatens have a great reputation as family dogs, but they still need training and regular exercise. Children need to treat a Wheaten gently and compassionately. They cannot tolerate teasing or tail-pulling. Also, no matter how friendly or long-suffering a dog is, never leave small children under the age of 8 alone with a dog. This is for the dog’s safety as well as the child’s.

Wheatens have a habit of exuberantly greeting friends, which can include jumping up on people and licking their faces. This could potentially knock over or frighten a child. Although Wheatens can be trained not to jump up on people, this training takes time. Jumpy puppies and dogs should be on a lead when meeting a child for the first time, so the owner can help control the dog should they become bouncy.

In Conclusion

Not all soft-coated Wheaten Terriers will behave the same. Individual temperaments are molded by individual health, past history and training. But Wheatens in general are the quietest of the terrier breeds. They love people and try to please. They may develop some silly habits in order to help train their people, such as sleeping on their backs to invite tummy-rubs. But Wheatens need regular exercise in order to keep their temperaments sweet.

Additional Resources

The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Dogs, Dog Breeds & Dog Care. Dr. Peter Larkin & Mike Stockman. Hermes House; 2005.

The Howell Book of Dogs. Liz Palika. Howell Book House; 2007.

Image from Wikimedia Commons

What You Can Do to Fight Puppy Mills

Puppy mills produce both puppies and misery

The first step in fighting puppy mills is to not ignore what really goes on. Puppy mills produce both puppies and misery.  They will often be crammed in a cage with several other dogs, have not enough to eat, not enough to sleep and never be let outside.  This forces all of the dogs to sleep and eat in their own urine and feces or on the bodies of their dead cage mates.  They are never looked after by veterinarians and are not euthanized when they become infertile or sick. 

They are shot, electrocuted, drowned or dispatched in some other way.  Their bodies are then buried or ground into fertilizer because, as puppy mill owner Henry Stoltzfus put it, “Puppies are biodegradable.”

Never Buy a Puppy

There are so many dogs and puppies that need homes that there is no excuse to buy one.  Never buy a puppy from a pet store, because all pet stores are supplied by puppy mills, no matter what the employees tell you.  If you have the option, never even buy pet supplies from stores that sell puppies.

Never buy a dog or puppy off of the Internet, especially from sites that ship puppies to anywhere in the world and can get a hold of any breed you want.  These sites are just puppy mills in disguise.  Never buy or adopt a pet sight unseen from an internet site.  This not only could be a puppy mill, but a scam.

Never buy a puppy or dog from a newspaper ad or magazine ad, even if the ad is in a national dog publication and claims that the puppy has papers.  Magazines and the American Kennel Club do not bother inspecting every breeder to be sure that they are not a puppy mill.  They just take the registration fees and pocket it.

Support Anti-Puppy Mill Legislation

Politicians will do just about anything to get votes – including voting for anti-puppy mill laws if they get enough people to write or call them.  Even if you do not have the time to write or call, you can email.  If you cruise on over to websites that feature online petitions, you can add your own electronic signature. 

When your elected official does vote for anti-puppy mill legislation, thank them.  This can be done with a quick phone call, by snail mail or email.  This reminds the politicians of how important this issue is to their constituents.

Write To News Outlets

Has a news story about a puppy mill been featured in your local television news station, magazine or newspaper?  Write or email a quick thank you to that publication or station for bringing the issue to public attention.  Many online news sources also feature stories about prosecuting puppy mill owners, shutting down puppy mills or dog auctions. 

A quick email of thanks or a few sentences in their comments box can help encourage that particular news outlet to focus more on stories about puppy mills and how to stop them.

Image: Wikimedia Commons

Top 5 Dog Feeding Tips

Please do not use this article in the place of a veterinarian’s diagnosis

When you get a puppy or dog, you will suddenly find total strangers walking up to you and lecturing you about how and what to feed your canine companion.  This happened to me as a first-time puppy owner when I was living in England.  Now that I and my grown-up puppy live in America, I still get total strangers lecturing me about what to feed my dog.  I had people telling me what my puppy should eat, how much and how often. 

If this happens to you, just nod politely at the stranger and go on following the tips from your veterinarian, your breeder or your animal rescue center.  But for the average, healthy dog, the top five nutrition tips are the same.

Number Five: Give Small Treats

Dogs are excited by the whole ritual of getting a treat that they do not care how large the treat is.  Treats should not make up most of a dog’s diet.  When they do get treats, say as reward in clicker training, these treats can be as small as possible.  For a Labrador retriever, the pieces can be as small as the pink part of your thumbnail.  Dogs with very small mouths can take smaller pieces.

Number Four: No Free Choice Feeding

Free choice feeding is a method used by cat owners.  A bowl of dry food is left out all day and all night so the cat eats whenever he feels like it.  This method works well for cats and their temperamental appetites, but is not recommended for healthy dogs and puppies.  Dogs will stuff themselves until they puke – and then they’ll eat the puke.  Unless your veterinarian recommends free feeding, never leave a bowl of kibble out all day long.  Remove any uneaten kibble ten minutes after placing the bowl down.

Number Three: No Sudden Diet Changes

Any new foods need to be slowly introduced to a dog, or they may suffer gastrointestinal upsets such as vomiting and diarrhea, notes  ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (Chronicle Books; 1999.)  Even changing over to a new brand of kibble should be done gradually over the course of 7 to 10 days.

  

Number Two:  Feed More Than Once Per Day

My dogs do best on two meals per day, plus a few small treats here and there.  Sometimes, they may skip breakfast, but they have yet to skip dinner because that’s the meal where they get a bit of canned food added to their kibble.  Neither of my dogs are prone to bloat or hypoglycemia.  Dogs that are need to be fed at least twice a day for the rest of their lives. 

Number One: No Added Supplements

Healthy dogs and puppies will not need nutritional supplements or vitamins, according to Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook (Howell Book House; 2007.) Supplements are not only expensive, but they may do more harm than good.  Supplements – even vitamins – should only be given as instructed by a veterinarian to treat a specific medical condition.  For example, your vet may recommend adding chondroitin sulfate for an arthritic dog.  But there is no need to give it while the dog has full mobility.

References

• Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook.  Debra M. Eldredge, DVM, et al.  Howell Book House; 2007.
•  ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs.  Sheldon L. Gerstenfled, VMD.  Chronicle Books; 1999.
•  Author’s personal experience

Image from Wikimedia Commons

How to Housebreak a Puppy

Housebreaking a puppy is not rocket science.  But rocket science can seem a lot easier in comparison to many people who live with a puppy for the first time.  Training a puppy where to toilet is conceptually easy, with very few steps or equipment involved. 

But it takes persistence and patience – which many people do not have, especially if they bought the puppy on impulse or received one as a gift.  Not being house-trained is one of the reasons that puppies six months of age or older are surrendered to shelters or abandoned.

First Time

Ideally, you need to figure out in advance where you want the puppy to urinate and defecate.  Depending on where you live, this could be anywhere outside the home, in one corner of the yard or in an indoor litter pan that is often covered in artificial grass.  When you bring the puppy home, place the puppy on that area as soon as you get him or her out of the car. 

Puppies have small bladders.  It should be less than fifteen minutes before the puppy has to urinate.  Praise the puppy with words and with petting and then bring the puppy inside (or to another area of the home).  This helps set the stage for later training. 

When You Gotta Go…

Before a puppy or dog squats to urinate or defecate, a lot of time is spent sniffing for the right spot.  They may walk around in small circles while sniffing or suddenly start pawing at the floor.  Immediately pick up the puppy and take them to the designated toilet area.  Praise when they squat. 

This is where a lot of first-time puppy owners fall down on the job.  They just don’t pay enough attention to their puppies and miss the silent signals that the puppy has to go.  Puppies will also need to go right after they wake up from a long nap or overnight sleep, a few minutes after eating and after a few minutes of vigorous play. 

A two months old puppy needs to urinate, on average, every two hours, morning and night.  A three month old puppy may be able to hold on for three hours; a four month old four hours and a five month old for five hours.  If you cannot get the puppy outside often enough, don’t blame the puppy for having an accident.

Submissive Urination

Until dogs are about a year and a half old, they will be subject to bouts of submissive urination.  This is an evolutionary survival tactic that all canids display.  A puppy flattens the ears, shows its belly and releases a few drops pf urine to a more dominant or stronger dog.  The urine drops are to show that the puppy is much weaker than whatever dog he or she is submitting to.

Puppies also do this to people.  So if the puppy seems scared, expect a few drops to leak out.  Don’t yell and don’t strike the puppy.  This will only encourage the puppy to pee some more in trying to appease you.  Puppies outgrow this behavior.

What About Rubbing His Nose In It?

A common misconception is that if you rub a puppy's nose in its urine or droppings, it knows never to pee or poop there again.  This is wrong and it is cruel.  Puppies have a very limited attention span.  Unless you catch them in the act, they will have no idea that the reason you are so upset is that pile on the floor made hours ago.  In the puppy's eyes, you will have flipped out for no reason. 

Just clean the mess up and take the puppy outside.  When cleaning up urine from carpet, use an enzyme-based cleaner to eliminate any traces of ammonia.  It's that scent puppies look for when walking about in circles, sniffing.

Image of St. Bernard puppy by anjing kecilku for Wikimedia Commons

Amoxicillin In Dogs: Uses and Side Effects

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic closely related to penicillin.  Other antibiotics in this family are oxacillin, nafcillin and ampicillan.  If these antibiotics sound familiar, it’s because they are the exact same antibodies given to people, but in much smaller doses for dogs.  Brand names of amoxicillin for cats and dogs include Amoxi-Tabs, Amoxi-Drops, Trimox and Robamox.  There are also antibiotics using other medications blended with amoxicillin, such as Clavamox (amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium.)

Why Dogs Are Prescribed This

Amoxicillin kills bacterial infections.  It cannot help with infections brought on by other substances like parasites, viruses or fungi.  According to Dr. Mark Papich for PetPlace.com, the most common bacterial infections in dogs that can be treated with amoxicillin include skin infections, bladder infections, abscessed teeth and wounds that have become hot and pus-filled.

Amoxicillin may not be prescribed a second time to the same dog, even if the dog did well on amoxicillin before.  This is because bacteria can become resistant to amoxicillin.  Be sure the vet knows your dog’s past history of reactions to penicillin-like medications.  It is up to the vet to determine what antibiotic to prescribe to a dog. NEVER give dogs human-strength antibiotics as these could prove toxic.

Common Side Effects

The most common side effects are no side effects whatsoever.  But when they do occur, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting are the most common.  Ask your vet if the dog should be given food along with medication as this may help to reduce the chances of nausea.  Another rare but minor side effect is mild diarrhea.  This tends to happen only after the dog has been amoxicillin for weeks or months.  Even this mild diarrhea should be reported to a vet because this means the dog’s helpful intestinal flora may have been killed off.

Please do not suddenly stop giving amoxicillin to a dog without a veterinarian’s approval.  This could make the bacterial infection return.

Severe Side Effects

Just like people, dogs can be allergic to penicillin and any antibiotic related to it.  These side effects are dramatic and a vet needs to be called at once.  These allergic reactions include hives, problems breathing, loss of coordination or sudden bleeding from the nose.  These could also be the signs of an overdose, according to The Pill Book Guide to Medication For Your Dog and Cat (Bantam Books; 1998.)

Other rare but severe side effects include blood in feces (black, tarry feces or fresh bright blood), blood in the vomit and seizures.  If the dog has been having diarrhea, bright red blood may be due to small blood vessels bursting as the dog strains, but it still should be checked out. 

References

• The Pill Book Guide to Medication For Your Dog and Cat. Kate A.W. Roby, VMD, et al.  Bantam Books; 1998.
• Pet Place. “Amoxicillin for Dogs and Cats.” Dr. Mark Papich.
• Vet Info. “Amoxicillin for Dogs.” 

Image: "It's not a bad look" by Robert Simmons for Wikimedia Commons

Why Is My Dog Drinking Urine?

“Leave it alone!” cried out a homeless man’s voice.  He came out of a clump of trees, zipping himself up and looking worried.  My puppy Pony was bouncing all around him. 

I’d been looking for Pony since she’d slipped out of my tent and was glad to see her, but sighed as I saw the man’s face.  “What’s she done now?”

“She drank my pee as I was peeing. Is she sick or something?”

Medical Cause

If urine drinking is a new habit for your adult dog or house-trained puppy, get him to a vet just in case the dog is suffering from dehydration.  There are several conditions that can cause a dog to become so thirsty that he will drink urine – but only if water is not available.  Retired veterinarian James Glover notes that urinary tract infections can cause urine drinking.

I took Pony to the vet.  It turns out that Pony wasn’t sick.  It’s a common misconception that if a dog drinks urine or eats feces, she is always lacking in a nutrient that she’s not getting from her usual food.  Pony drank urine from people and dogs because she got into the habit of doing it.

Non-medical Causes

When I asked my veterinarian about Pony’s tendency to drink fresh urine from people or other dogs, the vet tried not to laugh (unsuccessfully.)  He assured me that Pony had picked up a particularly peculiar habit and would outgrow it.  It turns out he was right.  When she was older, she preferred water – even mud puddles – to fresh urine.

Some puppies are not so lucky.  Those in puppy mills are forced to spend their lives in small cages without adequate water.  In desperation, they drink their own urine.  Mike Richards, DVM writing for PetPalce.com notes that even after being rescued, puppies can continue to drink urine when thirsty.  Other rescue puppies or adult rescue dogs may have been trained to drink urine as part of urine therapy, a controversial alternative healing practice.  I discovered a description of such a “training” method in the book Water of Life by John W. Armstrong (Health Research Books; 2000.) 

Male dogs will often taste a female’s urine in order to determine if she is in season.  Even if a dog has been neutered, this instinct can still make a dog drink a female’s urine.  Some male dogs get really carriedaway with this practice. 

Breaking the Habit

It is not recommended to allow your dogs to drink urine – no matter what species produced the urine.  Some diseases such as leptospirosis can be passed on through urine being sniffed, let alone licked.  When Pony drank urine, I distracted her from the urine by yelling or clapping my hands.  When she looked up at me, I praised her and gave her a small treat.  Treats and praise interested her more than urine.

Keep water available at all times for your dog.  Set down at least two bowls of water for each dog in your home.  When given a choice, dogs prefer water.

Are Tarot Cards Useful for Atheists and Agnostics?

There are many variations on the traditional Tarot deck available -- including Tarot cards for dog lovers. Should Tarot cards always be sniffed at?

Tarot cards have many uses for atheists and agnostics. Some just like to point at the Tarot and laugh, which can be very therapeutic. Some also appreciate Tarot decks for the artwork and nothing more. But some do use Tarot cards or any other type of prognostication tool as means to help make decisions.

Tarot cards should not be taken too seriously. Although some people believe the Tarot could be a tool to communicate with spirits, the only thing you really communicate with is your subconscious. However, one's own subconscious can be just as mysterious to communicate with as it is with the supernatural. You do not need to pay anyone to lay out Tarot cards for you. The atheist can use them all by himself or herself.

Sideways Thinking

In his book about the evolution of human intelligence, "The Dragons of Eden" (1977) the late Dr. Carl Sagan mentioned a process called "sideways thinking." This is when you try to find an answer to one problem by doing something else. It seems the act of dwelling on one problem can blind the thinker to all possibilities. By turning attentions to another problem, sometimes answers for the previous problem pop up.

Human brains tend to seek out familiar patterns, shapes and stories in order to help make sense of the world. If we see a particular pattern developing, the subconscious thinks, "Ah! I know how this story will turn out." But it may take quite a while for the conscious to register this pattern because of other distractions like bad health, job stress or whatever. All Tarot cards do is help a person remind their consciousness of the patterns developing in their own lives.

Seeing Shapes in the Clouds

Although Tarot decks usually come with books on what each card means, no one has to use them. The card can mean whatever the card reminds you of. It's a bit like two people watching shapes in the clouds. The two people will look at the same cloud and see two different images that the cloud suggests to them.

A person may think of a problem, shuffle the cards and randomly pull a card out. The image on that card helps trigger associations in a person's mind. Perhaps the card is predominately red - what does the color red signify to you? Lust? Danger? Pain? There may be an image on the card of a certain character, like a Fool or Magician. What qualities do those characters have? Are those the qualities you need now?

Sometimes just shuffling the deck, picture side up, is a way to calm down after a stressful event. It may also show you calming images at a time when your conscious needs it. The Tarot isn't for all atheists, but it does have its uses.

Reference Links:

• skepdic.com/tarot.html
• thinkingsideways.com/
• crispian-jago.blogspot.com/2009/05/skeptics-tarot-cards.html

Affenpinscher Dog Breed: History and Characteristics

Say hello to the Monkey Terrier

Affenpinscher means "Monkey Terrier" in German. In France, they are generally nicknamed "Mustached Devils”. These dogs are considered a great breed for the sport of Agility.  But there’s more to the Affenpincher (or Affen) than a goofy face and an athletic body.

Temperament and Behavior

Clever and lively like the monkey he's named after, the Affenpinscher is a happy dog who loves being part of the family. They are NOT recommended for families with very small children, as they often act like the rats Affens were bred to hunt. They are always ready to play, but will learn to settle down, too. They can live happily in an apartment.

Often a quiet dog, Affens will bark vigorously when defending his family and territory. They make vigilant and confident watch dogs. They can be aggressive with strange dogs, prone to biting the "intruder". This can lead to problems of Affens seeing threats where there aren't any. Since they are terriers, allowing them unsupervised time with pet rodents or very small children is NOT recommended.

Physical Characteristics

Affens prove that good things come in small packages. In this case about 9 - 11 inches (24-28 cm) at the shoulder and weighing about 6-9 pounds (3-4 kg) of a compact doggy box-like body. In Europe, they are all black, but often misty gray patches occur on the face and chest. In America, black, silver, black and tan, red and brindle (sometimes called belge) are allowed.

They are rough haired (yes, that scruffy look is natural) and easy to groom, if you are persistent and patient. Their coats will catch bits of the great outdoors, so check them after every walk before. Hairs often grow into their eyes -- this needs trimming immediately. His muzzle is short his ears semi-floppy, with a long, curving moustache, giving him a very monkey-like face. He has a short tail.

Training Tips

Affens are considered one of the most intelligent and curious of the toy breeds, love to please their human family members. This makes puppies eager to learn training.  Older Affens are probably smarter than most people, so they need a lot of patience and positive reinforcement.

Early socialization with other dogs, people, traffic noises and household objects are a MUST to prevent the Affen thinking his home has been invaded by monsters and thus biting. Many Affens take longer than other breeds to get the hang of housebreaking. Just treat him like you would a small child and avoid buying new carpeting until he gets the idea. Affens often wriggle into their loyal family's hearts with quirky but mostly harmless antics. 

Health

Affens have a great reputation for being generally healthy dogs through their 10-12 years. Although their muzzles are short, they generally don't have any breathing difficulties, unless they are exposed to very hot weather. Some are prone to fractures, laxating patella (dislocated kneecaps), hip dysplasia (it's not just in large breeds) and eye problems. Breeders are trying to breed out a congenital heart disease called PDA (patent ductus arteriosis).

Please protect Affens from extreme heat or extreme cold. Affens often will eat anything, whether foodstuff or not, that gets within reach of their mouths, so be on the alert as to what they're poking their nose into. Childproof locks on cabinets and storing chemicals on high shelves is strongly recommended to avoid vet trips.

Popularity

Affens are harder to find than most breeds, but breeders exist in most states and countries. You will most likely have to be put on a waiting list for a puppy. Breed rescues do exist in America and Europe. Affens ranked the 139th most popular breed in America with the American Kennel Club in 2011. There are some 1500 breed registered Affens in America and England. They are a breed steadily losing popularity in the United States.

Breed History

Affens are one of the oldest Toy (Companion in the UK) breeds in the world. Larger, multi-colored ancestors of today's Affens, called Ratting Terriers, were hunting rats in Germany about 1600. They were eventually bred smaller to kill mice for housewives. It is generally thought the Ratting Terrier was crossed with Brussels Griffon, Pugs, Schnauzers and German Silky Pinschers.

At one time in the 1700's, there were two sizes of Affens, but the breed settled down to the modern Affen about 1750. They spread around Europe and the United Kennel Club officially recognized them as a breed in 1957. Affens became a recognized breed in the AKC in 1936.

Image from Wikimedia Commons

 References

Affenpinscher Club of America

AKC's Affenpinscher Page

Affenpinscher Rescue  

Serbian Hound History and Breed Characteristics

Also known as the Balkan Hound

The Balkan Hound's name was changed to the Serbian Hound in 1996 by the Federation Cynologique Internationale (International Kennel Club.) However, there are many people who stubbornly prefer the original name. Other names include the Serbischer Laufhund, the Sabueso Serbio and the Srpski Gonic. Some people claim that the Balkan Hound is more of a type than a breed because the area has been so ravaged by wars that purity of bloodline takes a back seat to survival.

But no matter what name they are called or if their blood is "pure" or not, Balkan hounds are intelligent, graceful, resourceful animals that (even after all of the horrors of war) still is very friendly towards people. Legends abound that these dogs would purposefully trip buried land mines in order to save the lives of children. It is difficult to find Balkan or Serbian hounds anywhere other than Serbia.

General Appearance

This dog resembles a black and tan foxhound, although some Balkan hounds may have white on their chests as well. They are built like typical hounds with long straight tails, floppy ears, a long nose and long yet well-muscled legs. The chest is deep with the belly often tucked up, although not as extreme as a greyhound's belly. Looking at their profile, their backs usually have an arch (or graceful hump.) Their noses are almost always black. Their eyes are often dark and oval-shaped. Their cheeks are flat.

This is a medium sized dog averaging about 20 inches high at the top of the shoulders, although males can grow up to 22 inches. Both females and males can weigh about 45 pounds. This is an all-around dog, but specifically bred for hunting. The Balkan hound has short hair. Don’t bathe a Balkan hound too often or he will lose his coat's natural luster.

Brief History

It is unknown how hounds got to Serbia, perhaps with Phoenician traders, but the Balkan hound type is thought to have been established by the eleventh century. The earliest writing about the breed dates from about 1005, written a mysterious dog-loving man called Frank Laska, who wrote about a number of hounds in the area. It wasn't until 1924, after the advent of dog shows, when a breed standard was written down and was finally accepted by the FCI a year later.

Balkan hounds know when to turn on the speed and aggression to bring down game but when to switch it off when they are around people. The earliest breed standard noted that any mean dogs or overly shy were not recommended to get any ribbons. Like any other hound, Balkan hounds need regular exercise and a fenced in yard or they will become hyperactive and prone to wander.

Additional References

• Dogs: Eyewitness Companions.  Dr, Bruce Fogle.  DK Publishing; 2006.
• United Kennel Club. “Serbian Hound.” 2009.  
• eHow. “The History of the Balkan Hound.”  Katie Pugh.  

Image of Serbian Hound by Android90 for Wikimedia Commons

Canine Constipation Treatments

Doggies have to do what doggies have to do – in case your doggies don’t because they have constipation.  This can be very painful for a dog and can also be the symptom of something far more serious such as tumors in the anus or rectum that are blocking the passage of stool.  If your canine is still constipated after two days, please call the vet.

More Exercise

Older dogs are more prone to constipation than younger dogs.  This may be in part to their general lack of movement, which then leads to a general lack of another type of movement.  Gentle exercise, along with other remedies recommended here or by your veterinarian, can help stimulate your dog’s bowels. 

A twenty minute walk should be enough for most older dogs, but younger dogs will need two or more walks.  A brief swim can also help, provided the dog knows how to swim.  Some breeds like the English bulldog cannot swim.  If the dog pants heavily or even lays down during the course of the walk, then the dog is way too tired.  Brachycephalic dogs or dogs with flat faces need to be exercised indoors in air conditioning if it is hot outside.  Flat-faced dogs are far more prone to heatstroke then dogs with normal sized noses.

More Fluids

Just like with people, dogs may not be getting enough water in their diets.  Water helps move stool through the bowels.  If the dog does not seem to be interested in the water bowl, place another bowl of water somewhere else within easy reach.  Dogs are usually very curious about new water sources. 

Another fluid that helps some dogs with mild constipation is cow’s milk.  Only a quarter cup at a time should be used, or just a generous splash for toy dogs.  Cow’s milk usually gives a dog diarrhea, but a little bit can sometimes help stimulate the bowels to a helpful degree.

Canned pumpkin is mostly water but many dogs enjoy the taste.  Another bonus is that it contains fiber.  Only one teaspoon should be given as a treat or mixed in with the dog’s regular breakfast or dinner. 

OTC Laxatives

Fiber helps people with constipation and a little can also help canines with constipation.  Some dogs enjoy high fiber, low-sugar breakfast cereals such as Grape Nuts Flakes, but it may be more cost-effective to get over the counter (OTC) human laxatives to add to your dog’s food.

The special ingredient you are looking for is pysillium seed husks, found in store brands and in the brand Metamucil.  These also can be mixed in the dog’s food.  One half a teaspoon daily is enough for toy dogs while two teaspoons is enough for large dogs.  If you are unsure of the dose, please contact your vet.  It’s always best to give less than more when it comes to OTC laxatives. 

References

Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook, Fourth Edition. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM, et al. Howell Book House; 2007.

The Doctor’s Book of Home Remedies for Dogs and Cats. Matthew Hoffman, et al. Bantam Books; 1996.

Pet Place. “Constipation in Dogs.” Dr. Bari Spielman. 

Image "Sad Lucy" by Tim Dawson from Wikimedia Commons

Antifreeze Poisoning in Pets Symptoms and Treatments

It's a common misconception that animals instinctively know what food is and liquids are safe for them to consume. They do not - especially when it comes to antifreeze. The smell and taste is sweet and often attractive enough for dogs and cats to easily kill themselves after consuming a small amount.

The lethal ingredient in antifreeze is ethylene glycol. According to Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook, one teaspoon of antifreeze is enough to kill the average sized cat in 12 to 36 hours after swallowing it. A teaspoon of antifreeze is also strong enough to kill a dog that weighs 20 pounds or less. The smaller the pet, the easier it is for them to be killed by antifreeze.

Symptoms

In both dogs and cats, the first symptoms of antifreeze poisoning is loss of coordination - often described as walking like a drunken sailor. Cats often vomit, become incredibly weak, begin convulsing or go into a coma. After losing their coordination, dogs will become extremely confused, vomit and suddenly collapse.

The big danger is that the kidneys will suddenly shut down. Once they shut down, the dog or cat will soon die. Any dog or cat experiencing these symptoms needs to be taken to an emergency veterinary clinic as soon as possible. Do not wait.

Treatment In Cats

Many cat books recommend getting the cat to vomit if you absolutely know that it's antifreeze he or she drank. However, the cat will most likely be vomiting already, so this step will most likely be unnecessary. If you happen to catch your cat in the act of drinking antifreeze and the cat has not yet vomited and is not convulsing or unconscious, then induce vomiting by either:

• Giving one teaspoon of syrup of ipecac per 10 pounds of the cat's bodyweight Mix one teaspoon of hydrogen peroxide per 5 pounds of the cat's bodyweight with twice as much water
• Get the cat to the vet for intravenous alcohol treatment.

Treatment In Dogs

Many dogs books, such as The Veterinarians' Guide to Your Dog's Symptoms do not recommend getting the dog to vomit. Instead, they recommend giving the dog activated charcoal only if you have it and speed the dog to the vet as quickly as possible for antidotes (usually 4-methylpyrazole) and intravenous drip.

Prevention


The best way to preventantifreeze poisoning in pets is not to have them drink it in the first place. Many people are switching to antifreeze that does not include ethylene glycol. But you still need to be sure your dogs do not drink any random puddle in the road when you walk them, especially if the puddle is glistening in rainbow-colors. Cats should be kept indoors so they have no access to car fluids or traffic.

Image: DescriptionMan pouring antifreeze by Bandita from Wikimedia Commons

Akbash Dog Breed Characteristics

The Akbash is a white, semi-shaggy herding dog developed in Turkey. They are super-smart and super-friendly. Although many other breeds of herding dogs such as the German Shepherd make good watch dogs, this can't be said of the Akbash. They are just too friendly to people. They do, however, bark to alert their masters that a stranger is about, so keep in mind that this can be a vocal breed.

If you've never heard of the Akbash, don't feel bad. This is a very rare breed and not very well known outside of Turkey. According to Akbash websites, the name is pronounced Ah-k-bah-sh and that the name is a derivative of a Turkish word meaning "white head". Other names for the Akbash over the years have been the Akbas and the Coban Kopengi.

General Appearance

An Akbash would be a nightmare to anyone living with all-black furniture or all-black drapes. They are entirely white dogs, although sometimes the white looks more like cream or ivory. Often, their ears will be a darker color than the rest of the body. Their noses are black or pink. They were bred to be white in order to make them blend in with the flocks that they guarded. Its thought that they breed may have first come into existence 3000 years ago.

An Akbash is big, solid dog, weighting up to 130 pounds (although just a mere 100 pounds is more the average). At the shoulder, they can be as tall as 32 inches, but average about 28 inches tall. They have a large, Mastiff-type head and floppy ears, similar to a Labrador's. They have a long, gently curving tail.

Their coats can vary in length and thickness, depending on the individual dog. Mostly, they are slightly shaggy, but aficionados not that they do not have the "doggy odor" characteristic of other breeds. Also, for such a big dog, they move smoothly and lightly. Bitches often look noticeable feminine in comparison to a fully mature, fully intact male.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Akbash dogs are highly intelligent, affectionate and easily bored. They need regular exercise and interaction with their people. If you don't mind being rounded up like a sheep every now and then, he could make a loyal and goofy companion. These dogs need a lot of room and so are not recommended for apartment life.

Akbash dogs can work with a variety of livestock and not just sheep or goats. They have also worked with geese, ducks, cattle, exotic birds, deer, llamas, alpacas and children.


Unfortunately, Akbash dogs do not generally get along with other dogs, although they are trainable to accept other dogs. Also, being such large dogs, an Akbash is prone to health disorders common to all very large breeds, such as bloat and hip dysplasia, although there are breeders who will not breed a dog with hip dysplasia, which can only serve to help the entire breed.

Image from Wikimedia Commons

Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs: Symptoms and Treatments

The pancreas is a small organ shaped like a thin boomerang next to the stomach and small intestine. According to Nancy Kay, DVM, the pancreas releases enzymes necessary to help digest food. Pancreatitis, however, is when the pancreas becomes inflamed and produces too much enzymes. Just why a dog's pancreas should do this is unknown, but diet and genetics are thought to play big parts. Some drugs such as sulpha drugs can sometimes inflame the pancreas as a side effect.

There are two basic types of canine pancreatitis - chronic and acute. As its name suggests, pancreatitis symptoms are a constant problem for the dog. But in acute pancreatitis, the symptoms come on swiftly and are severe. Canine pancreatitis is potentially fatal. The big danger for a dog with pancreatitis is dehydration. If a dog's skin is gently pulled and let go, it should immediately fall into place. If not, the dog is dehydrated and needs intravenous fluids immediately.

Major Symptoms

·         Vomiting: According to The Veterinarian's Guide to Your Dog's Symptoms (Michael S. Garvey, DVM; et al; 1999), the main symptom of pancreatitis in dogs is vomiting more than four times in a 24 hour period. Eventually, they will just regurgitate bile.

·         Anorexia: Because of the nausea and vomiting, the dog will lose almost all of its appetite. The dog may also drool and constantly lick its lips when nauseated.

·         Body Position: The dog will find it difficult to get comfortable and seem restless but will not want to play. The ears, head and tail will be lowered and the dog will seem to be cowering or frightened.

·         Other Symptoms: According to Mar Vista Animal Medical Center, other symptoms of acute canine pancreatitis are diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain. The dog will not want you to touch its belly.

Treatment

Treatment for acute pancreatitis must be done at a veterinarian's. There are no reliable home remedies. Treatment is three pronged to keep the dog hydrated but to reduce pain and get the pancreas back to normal.

Food is withheld from the dog from one to three days, depending on how the dog is doing. In order to keep from getting dehydrated, the dog is hooked to an IV drip line in the foreleg. When the dog is allowed to eat, it's low-calorie prescription dog food such as Science Diet I/D.

Dogs may be given fentanyl patches, injections or an IV of painkilling medication to make relaxation and sleep possible. The dog is sometimes put on a round of antibiotics, which often continues for days after the dog feels better and can go home. The dog's blood will also be checked to be sure the pancreas is functioning normally.

In severe cases of acute pancreatitis, the dog may need a plasma transfusion. This is one of the reason why many veterinary practices keep large dogs like Labradors to act as blood or plasma donors.

Once a dog has recovered from an attack of pancreatitis that dog will be susceptible to another attack for the rest of his or her life. Keeping the dog on a sensible diet without any access to human junk food or the garbage can help prevent future attacks.

Image of Shih Tzu in vet's office by MarkBuckawicki for Wikimedia Commons

Cairn Terrier: Breed History and Characteristics

Also called the “Toto dog,” the Cairn terrier has a long history and promising future.

Remember Toto from The Wizard of Oz (1939)?  The part of Toto was played by Terry, a Cairn terrier.  These terriers are large dogs in a small package.  They are full of personality and energy, which needs to be channeled in appropriate directions.  Originally bred to hunt rats, squirrels and other “vermin”, Cairn terriers do not start fights but will finish them, according to ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (Chronicle Books; 1999).

Today, Cairn terriers still work on farms and warehouses to kill pests.  They also make excellent watchdogs – far better than a Labrador retriever.  They also are competitive in dog sports like obedience tests, earthdog trials, tracking and agility.  They also work with government agencies to sniff out the buried nests of endangered sea turtles, as described in EcoDogs (Bearpoint Publishing: 2011.)

Brief History

A small, scruffy type of terrier terrorized small rodents in Scotland from the 1500s.  The terrier originated in the Isle of Skye and for a while was called Scotch terriers and then Skye terriers.  The name was not finalized until the early 1900s.  Cairns are large stone piles found not only in Scotland but in Ireland and England.  Sometimes cairns could have tunnels which were home to numerous wild creatures like mice, rats, foxes and badgers.

The Cairn became admired for its hunting skills and its charm.  When the UK shifted from an agrarian to industrial form of life, the compact and useful Cairn went with workers migrating from the countryside to the cities.  The Cairn was probably used in the “sport” of ratting, where rats would be released into a barrel.  The dog that killed the most rats in a set time period was declared the winner.  The Cairn was imported to America by 1907 and by 1913 became an officially recognized breed of the American Kennel Club.  An attempt to make the Cairn terrier the state dog of Kansas faltered in 2012.

General Appearance

The breed standard for the Cairn terrier was established in America in 1938.  Many dogs fall short of the breed standard but still make excellent companions and working dogs.  This is a sturdy little dog that usually is longer than it is tall.  Males are generally larger and heavier than females.  Males average 10 inches at the withers and weigh around 14 pounds while females are usually 9.5 inches and tip the scales at 13 pounds.

The Cairn terrier has naturally pointed ears and a long tail that curves slightly over the back.  The legs are straight and should not bow or be knock-kneed.  The paw pads are thicker than the average dog’s in order to climb about stone or rough terrain in all weathers.  The fur is double-coated with a harsh outer layer and a soft undercoat.  The legs should be coated with this harsh hair.  This fur needs to be trimmed or clipped at least three times a year tokeep from becoming a tangled mess.  Cairn terriers can be any color except white but white patches or pink noses are frowned upon in the show ring.  Cairn terriers are often allergic to flea saliva.

Additional Resources

• Palika, Liz. The Howell Book of Dogs.  Howell Book House; 2007.
• Dogster.com. “The Riveting Real Story of Toto.” June 26, 2011.  
• American Kennel Club. Cairn Terrier Page.  

 Drawing by Pearson Scott Foresman for Wikimedia Commons

Getting Your Dog to Stop Barking

Debarking is not a good option 

Dogs naturally make a lot of noises – whining, moaning, sighing, farting and growling.  But out of all the noises they make, barking is the noise that can land you and your dog in the metaphorical doghouse.  If you cannot get your dog to stop barking incessantly, you will face fines, court dates and the possibility of your dog being taken away from you.

Why Do Dogs Bark?

Dogs bark because of three reasons –

• communication
• stress
• sheer boredom

When you are retraining your dog to stop barking so much, make your sizable task easier by making sure your dog is waiting a proper diet, getting regular exercise (including AT LEAST one half hour vigorous walk a day) and have your dog neutered.  Neutering your dog not only reduces your dog's chance of getting cancer of the reproductive organs, but makes the dog much better able to concentrate on training sessions.

When They Bark

Try to immediately distract your barking dog's attention by clapping your hands, throwing a ball or stomping on the floor (the floor, not your dog).  Whatever you do, DON'T shout.  It is very hard not to shout because you want to let any human hearing your barking dog get yelled at.  But human yelling equals human barking to a dog.  Your dog will keep on barking when you yell at him or her to stop barking so the dog barks more and the cycle continues.

One thing that may work for your dog certainly worked for mine.  My mongrel Pony suddenly began the habit of barking when she wanted her dinner when she turned three years old.  This had to be stopped.  When she began barking, I put her in the basement by herself.  She wasn't let out until she stopped barking.

When I'm not home, I leave plenty of chew toys to keep her mouth occupied.  I also leave something with my scent on it (my bathrobe) to give her comfort.

Reinforce Quiet Behavior

When your dog is quiet, reward with praise, treats or (if your dog is on a diet)  play with a favorite toy.  Do this whenever your dog is quiet, until your dog starts cottoning on to the idea.  Each dog learns at his or her own pace – just like you do.

You need patience in order to retrain a continually barking dog, especially if they are one of the breeds that have been bred to bark, such as Jack Russells or Parson Rusell Terriers.  If you are not having success, then you should ask your vet for advice and to help find a trainer.  You may need a professional trainer for help.

What About Debarking?

The absolute last resort can be to get your dog a devocalization (debarking) operation.  (This operation is illegal in many European countries). Any operation is expensive and potentially lethal, so this should be done only if the dog is under threat of death because of the barking. 

Debarking will not make a dog silent.  The dog will still bark and make noises, only softer than usual.  Many view debarking as cruel.  It is necessary, expensive surgery if you are patient and persistent with retraining.

Additional References

• · Palika, Liz. The KISS Guide to Raising Your Puppy. DK Publishing; 2002.
• · Sweeney, Michael S., et al. Dog Tips From Dog Town: A Relationship Manual for You and Your Dog. National Geographic: 2010.
• · Dennison, Pamela. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Positive Dog Training. Alpha Books; 2006. 

Image from Wikimedia Commons, A cat hissing at a barking dog over a bowl of milk in a barn. Etching by J. R. Scott after A. Cooper.